Gupakira Ubumenyi Bwibikoresho - Niki gitera ihinduka ryibara ryibicuruzwa bya plastiki?

• Kwangirika kwa okiside yibikoresho fatizo bishobora gutera ibara iyo bibumbiye mubushyuhe bwinshi;
• Guhindura ibara ryubushyuhe bwinshi bizatera ibara ryibicuruzwa bya plastiki;
• Imiti ikora hagati yamabara nibikoresho fatizo cyangwa inyongeramusaruro bizatera ibara;
• Igisubizo hagati yinyongeramusaruro na okiside yikora yinyongera bizatera amabara guhinduka;
• Tautomerisation yamabara yibara munsi yumucyo nubushyuhe bizatera ibara ryibicuruzwa;
• Umwuka uhumanya ikirere urashobora gutera impinduka mubicuruzwa bya plastiki.

1. Byatewe no gushushanya plastike

1) Kwangirika kwa okiside yibikoresho fatizo bishobora gutera ibara mugihe bibumbiye mubushyuhe bwinshi

Iyo impeta yo gushyushya cyangwa isahani yo gushyushya ibikoresho byo gutunganya plastike ihora muburyo bwo gushyuha kubera kutagenzura, biroroshye gutuma ubushyuhe bwaho buba hejuru cyane, bigatuma ibikoresho bibisi bihinduka kandi bikangirika kubushyuhe bwinshi. Kuri izo plastiki zumva ubushyuhe, nka PVC, biroroshye Kuri Iyo ibi bintu bibaye, iyo bikomeye, bizashya kandi bihinduke umuhondo, cyangwa se umukara, biherekejwe numubare munini wa molekile nkeya ihindagurika.

Uku gutesha agaciro kurimo reaction nkadepolymerisation, gutondekanya urunigi, gukuraho amatsinda kuruhande hamwe nuburemere buke bwa molekile.

• Depolymerisation

Imyitwarire ya clavage ibaho kumurongo wanyuma, bigatuma urunigi ruhuza umwe umwe, kandi monomer yabyaye ihindagurika vuba. Muri iki gihe, uburemere bwa molekile burahinduka gahoro gahoro, kimwe nuburyo bwo guhinduranya urunigi polymerisation. Nkubushuhe bwa depolymerisation ya methyl methacrylate.

• Urunigi rusanzwe (Impamyabumenyi)

Bizwi kandi kumeneka bidasanzwe cyangwa iminyururu idahwitse. Hifashishijwe imbaraga za mashini, imirasire yingufu nyinshi, imirasire ya ultrasonic cyangwa reagent ya chimique, urunigi rwa polymer ruvunika nta ngingo ihamye yo gukora polymer-ifite uburemere buke. Nimwe muburyo bwo kwangirika kwa polymer. Iyo urunigi rwa polymer rwangiritse ku buryo butunguranye, uburemere bwa molekile bugabanuka vuba, kandi gutakaza ibiro bya polymer ni bito cyane. Kurugero, uburyo bwo gutesha agaciro polyethylene, polyene na polystirene ahanini ni ugutesha agaciro.

Iyo polymers nka PE ibumbwe mubushyuhe bwinshi, umwanya uwo ariwo wose wumunyururu nyamukuru urashobora gucika, kandi uburemere bwa molekile bugabanuka vuba, ariko umusaruro wa monomer ni muto cyane. Ubu bwoko bwa reaction bwitwa urunigi rudasanzwe, rimwe na rimwe rwitwa degradation, polyethylene radicals yubusa ikorwa nyuma yo gukuramo urunigi irakora cyane, ikikijwe na hydrogène ya kabiri, ikunda guhererekanya urunigi, kandi hafi ya nta monomer ikorwa.

• Gukuraho insimburangingo

PVC, PVAc, nibindi birashobora gukurwaho muburyo bwo gukuraho iyo bishyushye, bityo ikibaya gikunze kugaragara kumurongo wa thermogravimetric. Iyo polyvinyl chloride, acetate ya polyvinyl, polyacrylonitrile, fluoride polyvinyl, nibindi bishyushye, insimburangingo zizakurwaho. Dufashe urugero rwa chloride polyvinyl (PVC), PVC itunganyirizwa ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 180 ~ 200 ° C, ariko ku bushyuhe bwo hasi (nka 100 ~ 120 ° C), itangira dehydrogenate (HCl), ikabura HCl cyane vuba kuri 200 ° C. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo gutunganya (180-200 ° C), polymer ikunda kuba umwijima mwibara no munsi yimbaraga.

Ubuntu HCl ifite ingaruka za catalitiki kuri dehydrochlorine, hamwe na chloride yicyuma, nka chloride ferricike ikorwa nigikorwa cya hydrogène chloride nibikoresho byo gutunganya, biteza catalizike.

Ibice bike kwijana rya acide, nka barium stearate, organotine, ibiyobora, nibindi, bigomba kongerwa muri PVC mugihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugirango bitezimbere.

Iyo umugozi w'itumanaho ukoreshwa mu gusiga irangi umugozi w'itumanaho, niba igipande cya polyolefin kiri ku nsinga z'umuringa kidahagaze neza, icyatsi kibisi cyitwa carboxylate kizakorwa kuri polymer-umuringa. Izi reaction zitera gukwirakwiza umuringa muri polymer, byihutisha okiside ya catalitiki yumuringa.

Kubwibyo, kugirango ugabanye igipimo cya okiside igabanya ubukana bwa polyolefine, antioxydants ya fenolike cyangwa aromatique amine (AH) ikunze kongerwaho kugirango ihagarike reaction yavuzwe haruguru hanyuma ikore radicals yubusa idakora A ·: ROO · + AH- → ROOH + A ·

• Impanuka ya Oxidative

Ibicuruzwa bya polymer bihura nikirere bikurura ogisijeni kandi bigakorwa na okiside kugirango bibeho hydroperoxide, bikangirika bikabyara ibigo bikora, bigakora radicals yubusa, hanyuma bigahita bigira ingaruka ku buntu (ni ukuvuga inzira ya auto-okiside). Polimeri ihura na ogisijeni mu kirere mugihe cyo kuyitunganya no kuyikoresha, kandi iyo ishyushye, kwangirika kwa okiside byihuta.

Ubushuhe bwa okiside ya polyolefine nuburyo bwimikorere ya radical radical reaction, ifite imyitwarire ya autocatalytic kandi ishobora kugabanywamo intambwe eshatu: gutangira, gukura no kurangiza.

Urunigi rw'urunigi rwatewe n'itsinda rya hydroperoxide ritera kugabanuka k'uburemere bwa molekile, kandi ibicuruzwa nyamukuru biva muri iyo myuka ni alcool, aldehydes, na ketone, amaherezo bigahinduka okiside kuri acide karubike. Acide Carboxylic igira uruhare runini muri catalitike ya okiside yibyuma. Kwangirika kwa Oxidative nimpamvu nyamukuru yo kwangirika kwimiterere yumubiri nubukanishi bwibicuruzwa bya polymer. Kwangirika kwa Oxidative biratandukanye nuburyo bwa molekuline ya polymer. Kubaho kwa ogisijeni birashobora kandi gukaza umurego kwangirika kwumucyo, ubushyuhe, imirasire nimbaraga za mashini kuri polymers, bigatera ingaruka zikomeye zo kwangirika. Antioxydants yongewe kuri polymers kugirango igabanye kwangirika kwa okiside.

2) Iyo plastiki itunganijwe kandi ikabumbabumbwa, ibara ryangirika, rirashira kandi rihindura ibara kubera kutabasha kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi

Ibara cyangwa amarangi akoreshwa mu gusiga amabara ya plastike afite ubushyuhe ntarengwa. Iyo ubu bushyuhe ntarengwa bumaze kugerwaho, pigment cyangwa amarangi bizahinduka muburyo bwa chimique kugirango bibyare ibintu bitandukanye bya molekuline yo hasi, kandi formulaire yabyo iragoye; pigment zitandukanye zifite reaction zitandukanye. Ibicuruzwa, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwibintu bitandukanye birashobora kugeragezwa nuburyo bwo gusesengura nko kugabanya ibiro.

2. Amabara yitwara hamwe nibikoresho bito

Imyitwarire hagati yamabara nibikoresho fatizo bigaragarira cyane mugutunganya pigment zimwe cyangwa amarangi nibikoresho fatizo. Iyi miti yimiti izana impinduka muri hue no kwangirika kwa polymers, bityo uhindure imiterere yibicuruzwa bya plastiki.

• Kugabanuka

Polimeri zimwe na zimwe ndende, nka nylon na aminoplasts, ni imbaraga zikomeye zigabanya aside muri leta yashongeshejwe, zishobora kugabanya no kuzimya pigment cyangwa amarangi ahamye mugihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe.

• Guhana inzoga

Ubutaka bwitwa alkaline yisi muri PVC emulsion polymers cyangwa polypropilene zimwe na zimwe zihamye zirashobora "guhanahana shingiro" hamwe nubutaka bwa alkaline yisi mumabara kugirango bahindure ibara kuva mubururu-umutuku uhinduka orange.

PVC emulsion polymer nuburyo VC ikora polymerisime ikurura muri emulisiferi (nka sodium dodecylsulfonate C12H25SO3Na) igisubizo cyamazi. Igisubizo kirimo Na +; murwego rwo kunoza ubushyuhe na ogisijeni birwanya PP, 1010, DLTDP, nibindi byongeweho. Oxygene, antioxydeant 1010 ni reaction ya transesterifisation iterwa na 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxypropionate methyl ester na sodium pentaerythritol, kandi DLTDP itegurwa no gukemura igisubizo cyamazi ya Na2S hamwe na acrylonitrile Propionitrile, hydrolyzed kugirango ikore aside thiodipropionic, hanyuma amaherezo. byabonetse na esterification hamwe n'inzoga za lauryl. Igisubizo kirimo Na +.

Mugihe cyo kubumba no gutunganya ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki, ibisigisigi bya Na + mubikoresho fatizo bizitwara hamwe na pigment yikiyaga kirimo ion zicyuma nka CIPigment Red48: 2 (BBC cyangwa 2BP): XCa2 ++ 2Na + → XNa2 + + Ca2 +

• Igisubizo Hagati ya Pigment na Hydrogen Halide (HX)

Iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse bugera kuri 170 ° C cyangwa munsi yumucyo, PVC ikuraho HCI kugirango ibe ihuza kabiri.

Halogene irimo flame-retardant polyolefin cyangwa ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike byamabara ya flame-retardant nabyo ni dehydrohalogenated HX iyo ibumbwe mubushyuhe bwinshi.

1) Ultramarine na HX reaction

Ultramarine pigment yubururu ikoreshwa cyane mumabara ya plastike cyangwa ikuraho urumuri rwumuhondo, ni sulfure.

2) Ifu ya zahabu yumuringa pigment yihutisha kwangirika kwa okiside yibikoresho bya PVC

Ibara ry'umuringa rishobora kuba okiside kuri Cu + na Cu2 + ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bizihutisha kubora kwa PVC

3) Gusenya ioni yicyuma kuri polymers

Pigment zimwe zigira ingaruka zangiza kuri polymers. Kurugero, pigment yikiyaga cya manganese CIPigmentRed48: 4 ntabwo ikwiranye no kubumba ibicuruzwa bya plastike PP. Impamvu nuko igiciro cyicyuma cya manganese ion gihindura hydroperoxide binyuze mu ihererekanyabubasha rya electron muri okiside yumuriro cyangwa ifoto ya PP. Kwangirika kwa PP biganisha ku gusaza byihuse kwa PP; umurunga wa ester muri polyakarubone biroroshye kuba hydrolyzed no kubora iyo ushushe, kandi iyo habaye ioni yicyuma muri pigment, biroroshye guteza imbere kubora; ion ibyuma bizanateza imbere thermo-ogisijeni yangirika ya PVC nibindi bikoresho bibisi, kandi bitume ibara rihinduka.

Mu ncamake, mugihe utanga ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike, nuburyo bushoboka kandi bunoze bwo kwirinda ikoreshwa ryibara ryibara ryakira hamwe nibikoresho fatizo.

3. Igisubizo hagati yamabara ninyongera

1) Igisubizo hagati ya sulfure irimo pigment ninyongera

Ibinyamavuta birimo sulfure, nk'umuhondo wa kadmium (igisubizo gikomeye cya CdS na CdSe), ntibikwiriye kuri PVC kubera kutarwanya aside aside, kandi ntibigomba gukoreshwa hamwe n’inyongeramusaruro zirimo aside.

2) Igisubizo cyibintu birimo gurşide hamwe na sulferi irimo stabilisateur

Ibiyobora muri chrome yumuhondo cyangwa molybdenum itukura ikorana na antioxydants nka thiodistearate DSTDP.

3) Imyitwarire hagati ya pigment na antioxydeant

Kubikoresho fatizo hamwe na antioxydants, nka PP, pigment zimwe na zimwe nazo zizitwara hamwe na antioxydants, bityo bigabanye imikorere ya antioxydants kandi bigatuma umwuka wa ogisijeni wumuriro wibikoresho bibisi uba mubi. Kurugero, antioxydants ya fenolike yakirwa byoroshye na karubone yumukara cyangwa ikitwara hamwe nayo kugirango ibuze ibikorwa; antioxydants ya fenolike na ioni ya titanium mubicuruzwa bya pulasitiki byera cyangwa bifite ibara ryoroheje bikora hydrocarubone ya hydrocarubone ya fenolike aromatic itera umuhondo wibicuruzwa. Hitamo antioxydants ikwiye cyangwa wongereho inyongera zingirakamaro, nkumunyu wa anti-acide zinc (zinc stearate) cyangwa fosifite yo mu bwoko bwa P2 kugirango wirinde ibara ryibara ryera (TiO2).

4) Imyitwarire hagati ya pigment na stabilisateur yumucyo

Ingaruka za pigment na stabilisateur zumucyo, usibye kubyitwaramo pigment irimo sulfure hamwe na nikel irimo urumuri rutanga urumuri nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru, muri rusange bigabanya imikorere ya stabilisateur yumucyo, cyane cyane ingaruka ziterwa na stabilisateur yumucyo amine hamwe na azo yumuhondo numutuku. Ingaruka zo kugabanuka gushikamye ziragaragara cyane, kandi ntabwo zihamye nkuko zidafite ibara. Nta bisobanuro bisobanutse kuri iki kintu.

4. Igisubizo hagati yinyongera

Niba inyongeramusaruro nyinshi zikoreshwa nabi, reaction zitunguranye zishobora kubaho kandi ibicuruzwa bizahindura ibara. Kurugero, flame retardant Sb2O3 ikora hamwe na sulferi irimo anti-okiside kugirango itange Sb2S3: Sb2O3 + –S– → Sb2S3 + –O–

Kubwibyo, hagomba kwitonderwa muguhitamo inyongeramusaruro mugihe uteganya umusaruro.

5. Impamvu zifasha Auto-okiside itera

Okiside yikora ya stabilisateur ya fenolike nikintu cyingenzi cyo guteza imbere ibara ryibicuruzwa byera cyangwa bifite ibara ryoroshye. Iri bara ryitwa "Pinking" mubihugu byamahanga.

Ihujwe nibicuruzwa bya okiside nka antioxydants ya BHT (2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), kandi ikaba imeze nka 3,3 ′, 5,5′-stilbene quinone ibicuruzwa bitukura bitukura, Iri bara ribaho gusa imbere ya ogisijeni n'amazi no kubura urumuri. Iyo ihuye nurumuri ultraviolet, urumuri rutukura rwa stilbene quinone rwangirika vuba mubicuruzwa byumuhondo umwe.

6. Tautomerisation yamabara yamabara munsi yumucyo nubushyuhe

Ibara ryamabara amwe akora tautomerisiyonike yimiterere ya molekulari munsi yumucyo nubushyuhe, nko gukoresha pigment ya CIPig.R2 (BBC) kugirango ihindure kuva mubwoko bwa azo ihinduke ubwoko bwa quinone, bihindura ingaruka zumwimerere kandi bigatera gushiraho imvano zifatanije. . kugabanuka, bivamo ibara rihinduka kuva mwijimye ryijimye-umutuku wijimye uhinduka orange-umutuku.

Muri icyo gihe, munsi ya catalizike yumucyo, ibora namazi, ihindura amazi ya kristu kandi igashira.

7. Biterwa n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere

Iyo ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike bibitswe cyangwa bikoreshejwe, ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bifatika, byaba ibikoresho bibisi, inyongeramusaruro, cyangwa ibara ryamabara, bizabyara nubushyuhe bwo mu kirere cyangwa imyanda ihumanya nka acide na alkalis hifashishijwe urumuri nubushyuhe. Imiti itandukanye igoye iterwa, bizatera kugabanuka cyangwa guhinduka mugihe runaka.

Iki kibazo kirashobora kwirindwa cyangwa kugabanywa hiyongereyeho ingufu za ogisijeni yubushyuhe ikwiye, stabilisateur yumucyo, cyangwa guhitamo inyongeramusaruro nziza yo guhangana nikirere hamwe na pigment.