Ibikoresho byo kwisiga byo kwisiga hamwe nubushakashatsi bwo gupima

Iterambere ryihuse ryimibereho yabantu, inganda zo kwisiga mubushinwa ziratera imbere.Muri iki gihe, itsinda ry '“ibirori by’ibirori” rikomeje kwaguka, ibigize amavuta yo kwisiga bigenda birushaho gukorera mu mucyo, kandi umutekano wabo ukaba wibanze ku baguzi.Usibye umutekano wibikoresho byo kwisiga ubwabyo, ibikoresho byo gupakira bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubwiza bwo kwisiga.Mu gihe gupakira ibintu byo kwisiga bigira uruhare mu gushushanya, intego yacyo y'ingenzi ni ukurinda amavuta yo kwisiga kwirinda umubiri, imiti, mikorobe ndetse n’izindi ngaruka.Hitamo ibipfunyika bikwiye Ubwiza bwo kwisiga burashobora kwizerwa.Nyamara, umutekano wibikoresho bipfunyika ubwabyo no guhuza amavuta yo kwisiga nabyo bigomba guhagarara.Kugeza ubu, hari ibipimo bike byo kwipimisha hamwe namabwiriza ajyanye no gupakira ibikoresho murwego rwo kwisiga.Kugirango hamenyekane ibintu bifite uburozi kandi byangiza mubikoresho byo gupakira kwisiga, ibyingenzi byibanze kumabwiriza abigenga mubiribwa nubuvuzi.Hashingiwe ku ncamake ibyiciro byibikoresho bisanzwe bipfunyika byo kwisiga, iyi mpapuro isesengura ibintu bishobora kuba bifite umutekano muke mubikoresho byo gupakira, hamwe no gupima guhuza ibikoresho byo gupakira iyo bihuye namavuta yo kwisiga, bitanga ubuyobozi bumwe na bumwe bwo guhitamo n'umutekano. kugerageza ibikoresho byo gupakira kwisiga.Reba.Kugeza ubu, mu rwego rwo kwisiga ibikoresho byo kwisiga no kubipimisha, ibyuma bimwe biremereye hamwe nuburozi bwangiza kandi byangiza birageragezwa.Mugupimisha guhuza ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe no kwisiga, kwimuka kwibintu byangiza kandi byangiza mubirimo kwisiga birasuzumwa cyane.

1. Ubwoko bwibikoresho bisanzwe bipfunyika byo kwisiga

Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bisanzwe bipfunyika byo kwisiga birimo ibirahuri, plastiki, ibyuma, ceramic nibindi.Guhitamo ibikoresho byo kwisiga bigena isoko n amanota kurwego runaka.Ibikoresho byo gupakira ibirahure biracyari amahitamo meza yo kwisiga yohejuru kubera isura nziza.Ibikoresho byo gupakira bya plastiki byongereye umugabane wibikoresho byo gupakira umwaka ku mwaka bitewe nibiranga bikomeye kandi biramba.Umuyaga ukoreshwa cyane cyane kuri spray.Nubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho byubutaka bigenda byinjira buhoro buhoro isoko ryibikoresho byo kwisiga bitewe numutekano wabo mwinshi hamwe nimitako.

1.1Glass

Ibikoresho by'ibirahure biri mubyiciro bya amorphous inorganic non-metallic material, bifite ubudahangarwa bwimiti, ntabwo byoroshye kubyitwaramo nibintu byo kwisiga, kandi bifite umutekano mwinshi.Mugihe kimwe, bafite inzitizi ndende kandi ntabwo byoroshye kwinjira.Mubyongeyeho, ibyinshi mubikoresho byikirahure biragaragara kandi byiza cyane, kandi hafi ya monopoliya mubijyanye no kwisiga no kwisiga byohejuru.Ubwoko bwikirahuri gikunze gukoreshwa mubipfunyika byo kwisiga ni ikirahuri cya soda lime silikate hamwe nikirahuri cya borosilike.Mubisanzwe, imiterere nigishushanyo cyubu bwoko bwibikoresho byo gupakira biroroshye.Kugirango irusheho kugira amabara, ibindi bikoresho bimwe bishobora kongerwaho kugirango bigaragare amabara atandukanye, nko kongeramo Cr2O3 na Fe2O3 kugirango ikirahure kigaragare nk'icyatsi kibisi, kongeramo Cu2O kugirango gituku, no kongeramo CdO kugirango kigaragare nk'icyatsi kibisi. .Umuhondo werurutse, nibindi. Urebye ibintu byoroshye ugereranije nibikoresho bipfunyika ibirahure kandi nta byongeweho birenze urugero, gusa ibyuma biremereye bikunze gukorwa mugushakisha ibintu byangiza mubikoresho bipakira ibirahure.Icyakora, nta bipimo bifatika byashyizweho kugira ngo hamenyekane ibyuma biremereye mu bikoresho byo gupakira ibirahuri byo kwisiga, ariko isasu, kadmium, arsenic, antimoni, n'ibindi bigarukira mu bipimo by'ibikoresho byo gupakira ibirahuri bya farumasi, bitanga ibisobanuro ku gutahura. ibikoresho byo kwisiga byo kwisiga.Muri rusange, ibikoresho byo gupakira ibirahuri bifite umutekano ugereranije, ariko kubishyira mu bikorwa nabyo bifite ibibazo bimwe na bimwe, nko gukoresha ingufu nyinshi mugikorwa cyo gukora ndetse nigiciro kinini cyo gutwara.Mubyongeyeho, ukurikije ibintu bipfunyika ibirahuri ubwabyo, birumva cyane ubushyuhe buke.Iyo kwisiga biva mu bushyuhe bwo hejuru bikajya ahantu h’ubushyuhe buke, ibikoresho byo gupakira ibirahuri bikunda gukonjeshwa nibindi bibazo.

1.2Plastike

Nibindi bikoresho bikoreshwa muburyo bwo kwisiga, plastiki ifite ibiranga imiti irwanya imiti, uburemere bworoshye, gukomera no kurangi byoroshye.Ugereranije nibikoresho byo gupakira ibirahure, igishushanyo mbonera cyibikoresho byo gupakira biratandukanye, kandi uburyo butandukanye burashobora gushushanywa ukurikije ibintu bitandukanye.Plastiki ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gupakira kwisiga ku isoko cyane cyane birimo polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), styrene-acrylonitrile polymer (AS), polyparaphenylene Ethylene glycol dicarboxylate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (PETG). , acrylonitrile-butadiene [1] styrene terpolymer (ABS), nibindi, muribyo PE, PP, PET, AS, PETG irashobora guhura neza nibintu byo kwisiga.Acrylic izwi nka plexiglass ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru kandi igaragara neza, ariko ntishobora guhuza ibiyirimo.Igomba kuba ifite liner kugirango ihagarike, kandi hagomba kwitonderwa kugirango wirinde ibirimo kwinjira hagati yumucupa nicupa rya acrylic mugihe wuzuza.Kumeneka bibaho.ABS ni plastiki yubuhanga kandi ntishobora guhuzwa nuburyo bwo kwisiga.

Nubwo ibikoresho byo gupakira bya pulasitike byakoreshejwe cyane, mu rwego rwo kunoza plastike no kuramba kwa plastiki mugihe cyo kuyitunganya, inyongeramusaruro zimwe na zimwe zitajyanye nubuzima bwabantu zirakoreshwa, nka plasitike, antioxydants, stabilisateur, nibindi nubwo hari ibitekerezo bimwe. kubwumutekano wibikoresho byo gupakira ibintu byo kwisiga mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, uburyo nuburyo bwo gusuzuma ntabwo bwatanzwe neza.Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi hamwe n’Amerika bishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge (FDA) na byo ntibikunze kugenzurwa n’ibikoresho byo kwisiga.bisanzwe.Kubwibyo, kugirango tumenye ibintu byuburozi kandi byangiza mubikoresho byo gupakira kwisiga, dushobora kwigira kumabwiriza abigenga mubijyanye nibiribwa nubuvuzi.Ubusanzwe plasitike ya phthalate ikunze kwimuka mumavuta yo kwisiga arimo amavuta menshi cyangwa ibinini byinshi, kandi bifite uburozi bwumwijima, uburozi bwimpyiko, kanseri, teratogenicite nuburozi bwimyororokere.igihugu cyanjye cyateguye neza kwimuka kwaba plasitike mu murima wibiribwa.Ukurikije GB30604.30-2016 “Kumenya Phthalate mu bikoresho byo guhuza ibiryo n'ibicuruzwa no kumenya kwimuka” Kwimuka kwa formati ya diallyl bigomba kuba munsi ya 0.01mg / kg, kandi kwimuka kw'ibindi bikoresho bya plasitike ya aside ya fatalike bigomba kuba munsi ya 0.1mg / kg.Hydroxyanisole ya Butylated ni kanseri yo mu rwego rwa 2B yatangajwe n’ikigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubuzima ku isi gishinzwe ubushakashatsi kuri kanseri nka antioxydants mu gutunganya plastiki zikoreshwa cyane.Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryatangaje ko umubare waryo wa buri munsi ari 500μg / kg.igihugu cyanjye giteganya muri GB31604.30-2016 ko kwimuka kwa tert-butyl hydroxyanisole mubipfunyika bya plastiki bigomba kuba munsi ya 30mg / kg.Byongeye kandi, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nawo ufite ibisabwa bijyanye no kwimuka kwa benzophenone (BP), bigomba kuba munsi ya 0,6 mg / kg, naho kwimuka kwa hydroxytoluene (BHT) bigomba kuba munsi ya 3 mg / kg.Usibye inyongeramusaruro zavuzwe haruguru zikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bipfunyika bya pulasitike bishobora guteza umutekano muke iyo bahuye na cosmetike, monomers zimwe zisigara, oligomers hamwe na solvets zishobora no guteza ibyago, nka aside terephthalic, styrene, chlorine Ethylene , epoxy resin, terephthalate oligomer, acetone, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, nibindi. yashyizeho amabwiriza amwe.Ku bisigazwa bisigaye, leta yateganije neza mubijyanye n’ibikoresho byo gupakira imiti, ni ukuvuga ko umubare w’ibisigazwa by’ibisigazwa bitagomba kurenga 5.0mg / m2, kandi nta benzene cyangwa ibishishwa bishingiye kuri benzene bizamenyekana.

1.3 Ibyuma

Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho byo gupakira ibyuma ni aluminium nicyuma, kandi hariho ibikoresho bike kandi bike.Ibikoresho byo gupakira ibyuma bifata hafi yumurima wose wo kwisiga spray kubera ibyiza byo gufunga neza, ibyiza bya barrière, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, gutunganya ibintu byoroshye, kotsa igitutu, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kongerera imbaraga.Kwiyongera kwa booster birashobora gutuma amavuta yo kwisiga yatewe atera cyane, akagira ingaruka nziza yo kwinjirira, kandi akagira ibyiyumvo byiza, bigaha abantu ibyiyumvo byo gutuza no kubyutsa uruhu, bitagerwaho nibindi bikoresho byo gupakira.Ugereranije nibikoresho bipfunyika bya pulasitike, ibikoresho byo gupakira ibyuma bifite umutekano muke kandi bifite umutekano muke, ariko hashobora no kubaho gushonga ibyuma byangiza no kwangirika kwisiga nibikoresho byuma.

1.4 Ceramic

Ubukorikori bwavutse kandi butera imbere mugihugu cyanjye, burazwi mumahanga, kandi bufite agaciro gakomeye.Kimwe n'ikirahure, ni ibikoresho bidafite ingufu zidasanzwe.Bafite imiti ihamye, irwanya ibintu bitandukanye bya shimi, kandi bifite ubukana nubukomere.Kurwanya ubushyuhe, ntibyoroshye gucika mubukonje bukabije nubushyuhe, nibikoresho byo kwisiga cyane.Ibikoresho byo gupakira ceramic ubwabyo bifite umutekano muke, ariko hariho nibintu bimwe na bimwe bidafite umutekano, nk'isasu rishobora gutangizwa mugihe cyo gucumura kugirango hagabanuke ubushyuhe, kandi pigment yibyuma irwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru irashobora gushyirwaho kugirango tunonosore ubwiza. ya ceramic glaze, nka cadmium sulfide, okiside ya okiside, okiside ya chromium, nitrate ya manganese, nibindi. Mubihe bimwe na bimwe, ibyuma biremereye muri pigment birashobora kwimuka mubintu byo kwisiga, bityo rero gutahura ibyuma biremereye mubyuma bipfunyika ceramic ntibishobora wirengagize.

2. Gupakira ibikoresho byo guhuza ibizamini

Guhuza bisobanura ko "imikoranire ya sisitemu yo gupakira n'ibirimo idahagije kugirango itere impinduka zitemewe kubirimo cyangwa kubipakira".Kwipimisha guhuza ni inzira nziza yo kwemeza ubuziranenge n'umutekano byo kwisiga.Ntabwo bifitanye isano numutekano wabaguzi gusa, ahubwo bifitanye isano nicyubahiro niterambere ryikigo.Ninzira yingenzi mugutezimbere kwisiga, igomba kugenzurwa cyane.Nubwo kwipimisha bidashobora kwirinda ibibazo byose byumutekano, kunanirwa kwipimisha bishobora gukurura ibibazo bitandukanye byumutekano.Gupakira ibikoresho byo guhuza ibizamini ntibishobora gusigara kubushakashatsi bwo kwisiga no kwiteza imbere.Igeragezwa ryibikoresho byo gupakira birashobora kugabanywamo ibyerekezo bibiri: igeragezwa ryo guhuza ibikoresho bipfunyika nibirimo, hamwe no gutunganya kabiri ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe no kugerageza guhuza ibirimo.

2.1Igeragezwa ryibikoresho byo gupakira nibirimo

Igeragezwa ryibikoresho byo gupakira nibirimo birimo ahanini guhuza umubiri, guhuza imiti hamwe na biocompatibilité.Muri byo, ikizamini cyo guhuza umubiri kiroroshye.Irasesengura cyane cyane niba ibirimo nibikoresho bipfunyika bizahinduka kumubiri mugihe bibitswe munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe buke nubushyuhe busanzwe, nka adsorption, infiltration, imvura, imvura nibindi bintu bidasanzwe.Nubwo ibikoresho byo gupakira nka ceramika na plastike mubisanzwe bifite kwihanganira no gushikama, haribintu byinshi nka adsorption no gucengera.Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe gukora iperereza ku guhuza umubiri kubikoresho bipfunyika nibirimo.Ubwuzuzanye bwa chimique busuzuma cyane cyane niba ibirimo nibikoresho bipfunyika bizahinduka mu miti iyo bibitswe munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe buke nubushyuhe busanzwe, nko kumenya niba ibirimo bifite ibintu bidasanzwe nko guhindura ibara, impumuro, impinduka za pH, no gusiba.Kwipimisha biocompatibilité, ni cyane cyane kwimuka kwibintu byangiza mubikoresho byo gupakira kubirimo.Duhereye ku isesengura ryuburyo, kwimuka kwibi bintu bifite ubumara kandi byangiza biterwa no kubaho kwa gradient yibitekerezo kuruhande rumwe, ni ukuvuga ko hariho igipimo kinini cyo kwibanda kumurongo hagati yibikoresho bipfunyika nibirimo kwisiga;Ihuza nibikoresho byo gupakira, ndetse ikinjira mubintu bipakira kandi igatera ibintu byangiza gushonga.Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo guhura kwigihe kirekire hagati y ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe no kwisiga, ibintu bifite uburozi kandi byangiza mubikoresho byo gupakira birashoboka kwimuka.Kugirango ugenzure ibyuma biremereye mubikoresho byo gupakira, GB9685-2016 Ibikoresho byo guhuza ibiryo hamwe ninyongeramusaruro Koresha ibipimo byibicuruzwa byerekana ibyuma biremereye (1mg / kg), antimoni (0.05mg / kg), zinc (20mg / kg) na arsenic ( 1mg / kg).kg), gutahura ibikoresho byo kwisiga byo kwisiga birashobora kwerekeza kumabwiriza murwego rwibiryo.Kumenya ibyuma biremereye mubisanzwe bifata atomic absorption spekrometrike, plasma ihujwe na plasma mass spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry nibindi.Mubisanzwe ibyo bikoresho bya pulasitiki, antioxydants nibindi byongeweho bifite imbaraga nke, kandi kubimenya bigomba kugera kumupaka muto cyane (µg / L cyangwa mg / L).Komeza hamwe nibindi. Ariko, ntabwo ibintu byose byangiza bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kumavuta yo kwisiga.Igihe cyose ingano yibintu byujuje ubuziranenge yubahiriza amabwiriza yigihugu hamwe nibipimo ngenderwaho bijyanye no kwipimisha kandi ntacyo byangiza kubakoresha, ibyo bintu byangiza nibisanzwe bihuza.

2.2 Gutunganya icyiciro cya kabiri cyibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe no kugerageza guhuza ibirimo

Igeragezwa ryibizamini bya kabiri byo gutunganya ibikoresho byo gupakira nibirimo mubisanzwe bivuga guhuza amabara no gucapa ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe nibirimo.Uburyo bwo gusiga amabara y'ibikoresho bipakira cyane cyane harimo aluminiyumu ya anodize, amashanyarazi, gutera, gushushanya zahabu na feza, okiside ya kabiri, ibara ryerekana inshinge, n'ibindi. icapiro, gucapisha offset, nibindi. Ubu bwoko bwikizamini cyo guhuza ubusanzwe bivuga gusiga ibiri hejuru yububiko bwibikoresho, hanyuma ugashyira icyitegererezo munsi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubushyuhe buke nubushyuhe busanzwe mubihe byigihe kirekire cyangwa bigufi. ubushakashatsi.Ibipimo by'ibizamini ni ukumenya niba isura y'ibikoresho bipfunyitse yacitse, igahinduka, igashira, n'ibindi. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko hazaba hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe byangiza ubuzima bw'abantu muri wino, wino ku bintu by'imbere mu bikoresho bipakira mu gihe cya gutunganya kabiri.Kwimuka mubikoresho nabyo bigomba gukorwaho iperereza.

3. Incamake na Outlook

Uru rupapuro rutanga ubufasha bwo gutoranya ibikoresho byo gupakira mu ncamake ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kwisiga byo kwisiga hamwe nibintu bishobora kuba bibi.Mubyongeyeho, itanga ibisobanuro byerekana ikoreshwa ryibikoresho byo gupakira mu ncamake ibizamini byo guhuza amavuta yo kwisiga nibikoresho byo gupakira.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, kuri ubu hari amategeko make yerekeye ibikoresho byo gupakira ibintu byo kwisiga, gusa "Ubuhanga bwo kwisiga bwo kwisiga bwo kwisiga" (integuro ya 2015) buteganya ko "ibikoresho byo gupakira bihuza amavuta yo kwisiga bigomba kuba bifite umutekano, ntibigomba kugira imiti yimiti yo kwisiga, kandi bigomba ntukimuke cyangwa ngo urekure mumubiri wumuntu.Ibintu byangiza kandi bifite uburozi ”.Nubwo, ari ukumenya ibintu byangiza mubipfunyika ubwabyo cyangwa kugerageza guhuza, birakenewe kurinda umutekano wamavuta yo kwisiga.Icyakora, kugira ngo umutekano w’ibikoresho byo kwisiga bigerweho, usibye gukenera gushimangira ubugenzuzi n’inzego z’igihugu zibishinzwe, amasosiyete y’amavuta yo kwisiga agomba no gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho bijyanye no kubigerageza, abakora ibikoresho byo gupakira bagomba kugenzura byimazeyo ikoreshwa ry’inyongeramusaruro kandi zangiza muri uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ibikoresho byo gupakira.Bikekwa ko mu bushakashatsi bukomeje gukorwa ku bikoresho byo gupakira ibintu byo kwisiga byakozwe na leta ndetse n’inzego zibishinzwe, urwego rwo gupima umutekano no gupima guhuza ibikoresho byo gupakira ibintu bizakomeza gutera imbere, kandi umutekano w’abaguzi ukoresheje maquillage uzarushaho kwizezwa.